Does Using DISTINCT In SQL Server Queries Cause Performance Problems?

Posted on by Erik Darling

Footnote

I have two queries. They return the same number of rows.

The only difference is one column in the select list.

This query has the Id column, which is the primary key and clustered index of the Posts table.

    SELECT   DISTINCT
             p.Id, p.AcceptedAnswerId, p.AnswerCount, p.Body, p.ClosedDate,
             p.CommentCount, p.CommunityOwnedDate, p.CreationDate,
             p.FavoriteCount, p.LastActivityDate, p.LastEditDate,
             p.LastEditorDisplayName, p.LastEditorUserId, p.OwnerUserId,
             p.ParentId, p.PostTypeId, p.Score, p.Tags, p.Title, p.ViewCount
    FROM     dbo.Posts AS p
    JOIN     dbo.Votes AS v
        ON p.Id = v.PostId
    WHERE    p.PostTypeId = 2
    AND      p.CreationDate >= '20131225'
    ORDER BY p.Id;

The query plan for it looks like this:

SQL Server Query Plan
Eligible

Notice that no operator in this plan performs any kind of aggregation.

There’s no Hash Match Aggregate, no Stream Aggregate, no Distinct Sort, NADA!

It runs for ~1.9 seconds to return about 25k rows.

Lessen

Watch how much changes when we remove that Id column from the select list.

    SELECT   DISTINCT
             p.AcceptedAnswerId, p.AnswerCount, p.Body, p.ClosedDate,
             p.CommentCount, p.CommunityOwnedDate, p.CreationDate,
             p.FavoriteCount, p.LastActivityDate, p.LastEditDate,
             p.LastEditorDisplayName, p.LastEditorUserId, p.OwnerUserId,
             p.ParentId, p.PostTypeId, p.Score, p.Tags, p.Title, p.ViewCount
    FROM     dbo.Posts AS p
    JOIN     dbo.Votes AS v
        ON p.Id = v.PostId
    WHERE    p.PostTypeId = 2
    AND      p.CreationDate >= '20131225';

This is what the query plan now looks like:

SQL Server Query Plan
What’s wrong with you.

Zooming in a bit…

SQL Server Query Plan
Woof.

After we Scan the Posts table, we sort about 47k rows.

After the join to Votes, we aggregate data twice. There are two Stream Aggregate operators.

What do we sort?

SQL Server Query Plan
Boogers.

We Sort every column in the table by every column in the table.

In other words, we order by every column we’ve selected.

What do we aggregate?

SQL Server Query Plan

Everything. Twice.

What Does It All Mean?

When selecting distinct rows, it can be beneficial to include a column that the optimizer can guarantee is unique in the set of selected columns. Think of a primary key, or another column with a uniqueness constraint on it.

Without that, you can end up doing a lot of extra work to create a distinct result set.

Of course, there are times when that changes the logic of the query.

Thanks for reading!

Going Further

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